Present Tenses

Simple Present

A.    Function:

1.      to explain daily activity

2.      to explain general truth

B.     Formula:

Verbal Sentence	Nominal Sentence
(+) S + V1(s/es) + O	(+) S + is, am, are + ANA
(-) S + Do/Does + not + V1 + O	(-) S + is, am, are + not + ANA
(?) Do/Does + S + V1 + O ?	(?) is, am, are + S + ANA?

• Example verbal:

(+) I take a bath everyday

(-) I do not take a bath everyday

(?) Do I take a bath everyday?

• Example nominal:

(+) I am handsome

(-) I am not handsome

(?) am I handsome?

Note:

1.      Do             : I, You, They, We

Does          : She, He, It, Name of person (Ulfi, Wilda)

2.      The use of “s/es”

·         If the subject (she, he, it, name of person) and the verb isn’t ended by (ch, ss, sh, x, and o), so only added by “s”.

·         If the subject (she, he, it, name of person) and the verb is ended by (ch, ss, sh, x and o), so added by “es”.

·         If the verb is ended by “y” and before “y” there is consonant, so “y” is changed by “ies”. Example: study = studies.

C.    Time Signal: everyday, sometimes, seldom, usually, often, ever, never, always, generally.

D.    Question Word:

·         Asking Subject            : Who/What + V1(s/es) + o?

·         Asking Verb                : What + do/does + S + do?

·         Asking Object             : QW + do/does + S + V1?

Example:

They call us

     ^{1       2      3}

1. who calls us?

2. what do they do?

3. whom do they call?

Present Continuous

A). Definition

To explain an activity that is being spoken or happens.

B). Formula:

Verbal Sentence	Nominal Sentence
(+) S + is, am, are + V-ing + O	(+) S + is, am, are + (being) + ANA
(-) S + is, am, are + not + V-ing + O	(-) S + is, am, are + not + (being) + ANA
(?) is, am, are + S + V-ing + O ?	(?) is, am, are + S + (being) + ANA

• Example verbal:

(+) They are visiting us

(-) They are not visiting us

(?) Are They visiting us?

• Example nominal:

(+) I am (being) a singer

(-) I am not (being) a singer

(?) am I (being) a singer?

Note:

I                                                                         am

You, They, We                                                    are

She, He, It, Name of Person (Ani, Rizal)              Is

C). Time Signal: now, at present, at moment, right now, still, at....o’clock.

D). Question Word:

·         Asking subject: Who/What + is + Ving + o ?

·         Asking Verb: What + is, am, are + S + doing?

·         Asking Object: QW + is, am, are + S + Ving?

Example:

Rizal is flattering a widow now

   ^{1                     2                     3             4}

1. Who is flattering a widow now?

2. What is Rizal doing?

3. Whom is Rizal flattering now?

4. When is Rizal flattering a widow?

Present Perfect

Function:

To explain an activity that has been done in past and has effect at present.

v  Verbal

+) S + Have/Has +V₃ + O

-) S + Have/Has + Not + V₃ + O

?) Have/Has + S + V₃ +O?

e.g:

+) Nurul has eaten dessert

-) Nurul has not eaten dessert

?) Has Nurul eaten dessert?

v Nominal

+) S + Have/Has + been + Ana

             -) S + Have/Has + Not + been + Ana

             ?) Have/Has + S + been + Ana?

e.g :

+) Rofa has been beautiful

-) Rofa has not been beautiful

?) Has Rofa been beautiful?

v Question Word

a.       Asking Subject

Who/what + Has + V₃ + O?

b.      Asking Verb

What + Have/Has + S + done?

c.       Asking Object

QW + Have/Has + S + V₃?

E.g : I have written my lesson

        ^{a              b               c}

a) Who has written my lesson?

b) What have I done?

c) What have I written?

Present Perfect Continuous

A). Definition

To explain an activity that has been done in past and continued till present.

B). Formula:

Verbal Sentence	Nominal Sentence
(+) S + have/has + been + V-ing + O	(+) S + have/has + been + (being) + ANA
(-) S + have/ has + not + been + V-ing +O	(-) S + have/has + not+been+(being) +ANA
(?) have/has + S + been + Ving + O ?	(?) have/has + S + been + (being) + ANA?

• Example verbal:

(+) we have been looking for science for 2 years

(-) we have not been looking for science for 2 years

(?) have we been looking for science for 2 years?

• Example nominal:

(+) Fahmi has been being a doctor

(-) Fahmi has not been being a doctor

(?) Has Fahmi been being a doctor?

Note:

Have : I, You, They, We

Has : She, He, It, Name of person (Ulfi, Wilda)

C). Time Signal: for, since, the whole day, all morning, since 1 o’clock until now.

D). Question Word:

·         Asking Subject: Who/What + has + been + Ving + O?

·         Asking Verb: What + have/has + S + been + doing?

·         Asking Object: QW + have/has + S + been + Ving +…?

Example:

Ana has been eating noodle for 3 minutes

     ^{1                                2                3                       4}

1.      Who has been eating noodle for 3 minutes

2.      What has Ana been doing?

3.      What has Ana been eating for 3 minutes?

4.      How long has Ana been eating noodle?

Ya, itu tadi adalah uraian singkat tentang Present Tenses, Semoga Bermanfaat :)

Silahkan klik Simple Present  untuk lebih jelasnya.